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  <title>IMS GLC Public Forums and Resources - e-Books and e-Readers</title> 
  <description></description> 
  <link>http://www.imsglobal.org/community/forum/index.cfm?forumid=11</link> 
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	<item>
		<title>A(nother) bad week for Kindle in Education</title>
		<link>http://www.imsglobal.org/community/forum/messageview.cfm?catid=102&amp;threadid=429</link> 
		<pubDate>2010-07-02T13:06:15 -05.00</pubDate> 
		<dc:creator>rabel</dc:creator>
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    It's pretty clear how much of the $15 billion textbook market the Amazon Kindle will capture: $0.<br /><br />This week Amazon announced a new large screen Kindle DX. Basically the same as before but a brighter screen/clearer image - even better in direct sunlight than before. <br /><br />As pointed out in the Wall Street Journal, the prior large screen device has already failed in education:<br /><a target=_blank class=ftalternatingbarlinklarge href="http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424052748704525704575340873427693654.html">Amazon's Kindle DX Re-Enters Ring</a> by Geoffrey A. Fowler and Shira Ovide, Wall Street Journal, 2 July 2010<br /><br />Also, this week, there was more news about U.S. Fed warnings about how Kindle fails the important test in education of accessibility for the blind - making it a legal liability:<br /><a target=_blank class=ftalternatingbarlinklarge href="http://chronicle.com/blogPost/Inaccessible-E-Readers-May-Run/25191/?sid=wc&utm_source=wc&utm_medium=en">Inaccessible E-Readers May Run Afoul of the Law, Feds Warn Colleges</a> by Marc Perry, The Chronicle of Higher Education, 29 June 2010<br /><br />Well, there are no perfect solutions for textbooks on e-readers in education, but it certainly seems that the iPad is distancing itself as a possible way forward on an almost daily basis. All we need is an iPad e-Book app that is based on open standards and lets anyone play regardless of the distribution channel . . . <br /><br />Hey - on the bright side for Amazon at least the Kindle may be the choice for students taking courses on the beach!<br /><br />-Rob Abel]]></description>
	</item>

	
	<item>
		<title>The e-reader &quot;education divide&quot; lengthens</title>
		<link>http://www.imsglobal.org/community/forum/messageview.cfm?catid=102&amp;threadid=426</link> 
		<pubDate>2010-06-27T08:14:52 -05.00</pubDate> 
		<dc:creator>rabel</dc:creator>
   	    <slash:comments>1</slash:comments> 
		<description><![CDATA[
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
    Hello everyone!<br /><br />Been awhile - anything happening on the e-reader for education front? You bet. Lately there have been some important clues about how the positioning of e-readers vs the iPad or iPad-like devices for use in education will shake out. A cover story in the Wall Street Journal from last week highlights a new price war for "low-end readers." <br /><br /><a target=_blank class=ftalternatingbarlinklarge href="http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424052748704895204575320662842012510.html">Price Cuts Electrify E-Reader Market </a> by Geoffrey A. Fowler -  21 June 2010<br /><br />Even the terminology used in the article - low end - is very revealing.  <br /><br />In a move that the article heralds as threatening the success of the iPad and having the potential to make e-readers more mainstream, e-reader price cuts have been announced taking them down to $149 for the Barnes & Noble Nook and $189 for the Amazon Kindle.<br /><br />This, is, of course, the old razor and razor blade strategy. The money to be made is in the e-books - not the reader. And, this is perceived as a response to Apple because in just 65 days the iPad has captured a reported 22% of the e-Book market.<br /><br />What does this mean for e-readers in education? Well, in some sense it means nothing because the likes of Amazon and Barnes & Noble have pretty much already conceded that these text-reading things are consumer devices and not for the education market. But, what the price cutting does is further limit the e-reader functionality by limiting the motivation to invest in the hardware. In other words, there seems to be a market for the low end - text-only - e-Book. It's high margin, low unit pricing.  So, why not take up that position - one that Apple probably does not want. Apple is clearly going after a higher functioning set of e-Book products that can therefore be higher priced.  Ergo - what education primarily needs if e-Books are going to replace textbooks.<br /><br />Will some students or libraries buy Kindles and Nooks and download text-only books to supplement where and how they can read? - sure. Will these things ever replace textbooks? No.<br /><br />-Rob Abel]]></description>
	</item>

	
	<item>
		<title>platform strategies and e-Book stores</title>
		<link>http://www.imsglobal.org/community/forum/messageview.cfm?catid=102&amp;threadid=392</link> 
		<pubDate>2010-05-27T11:05:50 -05.00</pubDate> 
		<dc:creator>rabel</dc:creator>
   	    <slash:comments>1</slash:comments> 
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    As I have written about in this forum before, we have a major challenge in the education segments in terms of overcoming the commercial platform strategies that include the "store" - namely the approach of Apple, Amazon, Barnes & Noble. I am hoping to organize some leadership on this issue in IMS given all our publisher, bookstore, and platform members . . . stay tuned.<br /><br />The Wall Street Journal had a good article today laying out the dilemma in the commercial book market (not textbooks specifically):<br /><br /><a target=_blank class=ftalternatingbarlinklarge href="http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424052748704026204575266422736008924.html">The Chapter And Verse on E-Bookstores </a> By GEOFFREY A. FOWLER - 27 May 2010<br /><br />- Rob Abel]]></description>
	</item>

	
	<item>
		<title>Entourage Edge at Learning Impact</title>
		<link>http://www.imsglobal.org/community/forum/messageview.cfm?catid=102&amp;threadid=349</link> 
		<pubDate>2010-04-16T09:03:32 -05.00</pubDate> 
		<dc:creator>rabel</dc:creator>
   	    <slash:comments>1</slash:comments> 
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    It's been awhile since I've posted to this thread, despite the frenzy over the iPad launch. It's not that I'm disinterested, it's just that nothing has changed - the previous posts here already have nailed it in terms of what is occurring - <a target=_blank class=ftalternatingbarlinklarge href="http://www.imsglobal.org/community/forum/messageview.cfm?catid=102&threadid=306&enterthread=y">namely the bar has been raised now for the reader devices to become more computers and app machines and that each major vendor with a direct link to consumers is relentlessly pursuing their individual proprietary platform strategies</a>.<br /><br />Also, as I have written here before, the hope for the education segment is that a new and upcoming provider will "break the mold" by <a target=_blank class=ftalternatingbarlinklarge href="http://www.imsglobal.org/community/forum/messageview.cfm?catid=102&threadid=271&enterthread=y"> implementing open standards like IMS Common Cartridge - that fit the needs of the education segment</a>.<br /><br />I'm very happy to report that we have one such provider - <a target=_blank class=ftalternatingbarlinklarge href="http://www.entourageedge.com/">Entourage Edge</a> - coming to our <a target=_blank class=ftalternatingbarlinklarge href="http://www.imsglobal.org/learningimpact2010/index.html">Learning Impact conference, May 17-20 in Long Beach, CA, USA</a>. Entourage Edge is also giving away one of their e-Book reader "<a target=_blank class=ftalternatingbarlinklarge href="http://www.entourageedge.com/">Dualbooks</a>" at the conference to those that visit their booth and enter. Now, this is pretty neat because since this is a small conference - 250 people or so - you actually have a pretty good shot at winning.<br /><br />The other important point to mention is that I expect that some of the institutional members of IMS will want to pilot the Edge - and IMS will help facilitate those discussions at the conference and beyond.<br /><br />We have a way to go in terms of the evolution of these devices as they become more like the hybrid computers/eReaders that are needed. But, it is clear to me that a platform like the Edge is a way to see where this can really go from an institutional adoption perspective - as opposed to the direct to consumer iPad, Kindle, Nook, etc.<br /><br />I look forward to seeing you at <a target=_blank class=ftalternatingbarlinklarge href="http://www.imsglobal.org/learningimpact2010/index.html">Learning Impact 2010</a>! If you come you will find out from the leaders in digital education content and e-Books - such as CourseSmart, VitalSource, CafeScribe, Pearson, Cengage, McGraw-Hill, and Connexions about where things are really headed . . . <br /><br />-Rob Abel]]></description>
	</item>

	
	<item>
		<title>PC Makers Ready iPad Rivals</title>
		<link>http://www.imsglobal.org/community/forum/messageview.cfm?catid=102&amp;threadid=319</link> 
		<pubDate>2010-02-19T08:45:46 -05.00</pubDate> 
		<dc:creator>rabel</dc:creator>
   	    <slash:comments>1</slash:comments> 
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