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  <title>IMS GLC Public Forums and Resources - e-Books and e-Readers</title> 
  <description></description> 
  <link>http://www.imsglobal.org/community/forum/index.cfm?forumid=11</link> 
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	<item>
		<title>The relationship between interoperability and interactivity in e-Books &amp; e-Readers</title>
		<link>http://www.imsglobal.org/community/forum/messageview.cfm?catid=102&amp;threadid=271</link> 
		<pubDate>2013-06-18T11:19:07 -05.00</pubDate> 
		<dc:creator>RobAbel</dc:creator>
   	    <slash:comments>5</slash:comments> 
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    I am trying to open a discussion also in Taiwan, where I am from, and I was trying to put together an article about that. However the more I read the less I understand, even if that all seem to be easy at first. But it is definetly not just a "saving paper" argument - kids just LIKE to scrape over the touchscreen, and if that can encourage reading at least for my class, i will invest in a project even myself]]></description>
	</item>

	<item>
		<title>The relationship between interoperability and interactivity in e-Books &amp; e-Readers</title>
		<link>http://www.imsglobal.org/community/forum/messageview.cfm?catid=102&amp;threadid=271</link> 
		<pubDate>2013-03-11T03:44:42 -05.00</pubDate> 
		<dc:creator>RobAbel</dc:creator>
   	    <slash:comments>5</slash:comments> 
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    It seems to me that the dominant player is Amazon. I don't feel that Google is going to win in the space and Apple is not the same company without Steve Jobs.   <br />I tried to check 20thingsilearned.com and either the site is down right now or it is down completely.  <br /><br />I think that pdf is still a good platform for an ebook.  It is the platform of choice for most online publishers and it can be read on some devices, like the Nook.  I don't own a Kindle so I don't know about that, but I would think all tablets will be able to work with a pdf.]]></description>
	</item>

	<item>
		<title>The relationship between interoperability and interactivity in e-Books &amp; e-Readers</title>
		<link>http://www.imsglobal.org/community/forum/messageview.cfm?catid=102&amp;threadid=271</link> 
		<pubDate>2013-02-11T11:45:18 -05.00</pubDate> 
		<dc:creator>RobAbel</dc:creator>
   	    <slash:comments>5</slash:comments> 
		<description><![CDATA[
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
    You do have to laugh at the Google 'Do no evil' tag.  Thoroughly undeserved (or unobserved, I'll let you make your mind up).  With regards to the cross platform problems and lack of standardisation I have to say I agree.  Is this not a point of action with all new developing technologies though?  The larger corporations would never even consider inventing/creating/patenting something so they can play nicely together.  They develop their own technologies first, then look to standardise later.  Generally after SW/launch problems but sometimes as early as hitting a roadblock which they can't figure out for themselves, thus needing to bring in the dreaded 'outsiders'.<br /><br />I think the issue will remain with all emerging technologies until there is a stand out Worldwide Technical Governing body to oversee the implementation of standards.  A sad but unfortunate fact.]]></description>
	</item>

	<item>
		<title>The relationship between interoperability and interactivity in e-Books &amp; e-Readers</title>
		<link>http://www.imsglobal.org/community/forum/messageview.cfm?catid=102&amp;threadid=271</link> 
		<pubDate>2012-10-15T19:33:09 -05.00</pubDate> 
		<dc:creator>RobAbel</dc:creator>
   	    <slash:comments>5</slash:comments> 
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    It is ironic that Google is the worst offender when they claim to "do no evil" within the context of business decisions especially. But I wonder, as I learn more about the different formats and options, if the real solution will be like the transition that is currently underway from Flash to HTML5  -  non-proprietary universal technology, rather than industry specific formats and technologies. For example, I think e-books is sort of what the HDV video format was: a transition to HD. Google recently launched a site that I think is a sign of what will eventually replace the eBook: 20thingsilearned.com<br /><br />The site provides an almost equivalent user experience compared to an eBook and even offers some novel surprises.]]></description>
	</item>

	<item>
		<title>A(nother) bad week for Kindle in Education</title>
		<link>http://www.imsglobal.org/community/forum/messageview.cfm?catid=102&amp;threadid=429</link> 
		<pubDate>2010-07-02T13:06:15 -05.00</pubDate> 
		<dc:creator>RobAbel</dc:creator>
   	    <slash:comments>1</slash:comments> 
		<description><![CDATA[
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
    It's pretty clear how much of the $15 billion textbook market the Amazon Kindle will capture: $0.<br /><br />This week Amazon announced a new large screen Kindle DX. Basically the same as before but a brighter screen/clearer image - even better in direct sunlight than before. <br /><br />As pointed out in the Wall Street Journal, the prior large screen device has already failed in education:<br /><a target=_blank class=ftalternatingbarlinklarge href="http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424052748704525704575340873427693654.html">Amazon's Kindle DX Re-Enters Ring</a> by Geoffrey A. Fowler and Shira Ovide, Wall Street Journal, 2 July 2010<br /><br />Also, this week, there was more news about U.S. Fed warnings about how Kindle fails the important test in education of accessibility for the blind - making it a legal liability:<br /><a target=_blank class=ftalternatingbarlinklarge href="http://chronicle.com/blogPost/Inaccessible-E-Readers-May-Run/25191/?sid=wc&utm_source=wc&utm_medium=en">Inaccessible E-Readers May Run Afoul of the Law, Feds Warn Colleges</a> by Marc Perry, The Chronicle of Higher Education, 29 June 2010<br /><br />Well, there are no perfect solutions for textbooks on e-readers in education, but it certainly seems that the iPad is distancing itself as a possible way forward on an almost daily basis. All we need is an iPad e-Book app that is based on open standards and lets anyone play regardless of the distribution channel . . . <br /><br />Hey - on the bright side for Amazon at least the Kindle may be the choice for students taking courses on the beach!<br /><br />-Rob Abel]]></description>
	</item>

	<item>
		<title>Entourage Edge at Learning Impact</title>
		<link>http://www.imsglobal.org/community/forum/messageview.cfm?catid=102&amp;threadid=349</link> 
		<pubDate>2010-04-16T09:03:32 -05.00</pubDate> 
		<dc:creator>RobAbel</dc:creator>
   	    <slash:comments>1</slash:comments> 
		<description><![CDATA[
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
    It's been awhile since I've posted to this thread, despite the frenzy over the iPad launch. It's not that I'm disinterested, it's just that nothing has changed - the previous posts here already have nailed it in terms of what is occurring - <a target=_blank class=ftalternatingbarlinklarge href="http://www.imsglobal.org/community/forum/messageview.cfm?catid=102&threadid=306&enterthread=y">namely the bar has been raised now for the reader devices to become more computers and app machines and that each major vendor with a direct link to consumers is relentlessly pursuing their individual proprietary platform strategies</a>.<br /><br />Also, as I have written here before, the hope for the education segment is that a new and upcoming provider will "break the mold" by <a target=_blank class=ftalternatingbarlinklarge href="http://www.imsglobal.org/community/forum/messageview.cfm?catid=102&threadid=271&enterthread=y"> implementing open standards like IMS Common Cartridge - that fit the needs of the education segment</a>.<br /><br />I'm very happy to report that we have one such provider - <a target=_blank class=ftalternatingbarlinklarge href="http://www.entourageedge.com/">Entourage Edge</a> - coming to our <a target=_blank class=ftalternatingbarlinklarge href="http://www.imsglobal.org/learningimpact2010/index.html">Learning Impact conference, May 17-20 in Long Beach, CA, USA</a>. Entourage Edge is also giving away one of their e-Book reader "<a target=_blank class=ftalternatingbarlinklarge href="http://www.entourageedge.com/">Dualbooks</a>" at the conference to those that visit their booth and enter. Now, this is pretty neat because since this is a small conference - 250 people or so - you actually have a pretty good shot at winning.<br /><br />The other important point to mention is that I expect that some of the institutional members of IMS will want to pilot the Edge - and IMS will help facilitate those discussions at the conference and beyond.<br /><br />We have a way to go in terms of the evolution of these devices as they become more like the hybrid computers/eReaders that are needed. But, it is clear to me that a platform like the Edge is a way to see where this can really go from an institutional adoption perspective - as opposed to the direct to consumer iPad, Kindle, Nook, etc.<br /><br />I look forward to seeing you at <a target=_blank class=ftalternatingbarlinklarge href="http://www.imsglobal.org/learningimpact2010/index.html">Learning Impact 2010</a>! If you come you will find out from the leaders in digital education content and e-Books - such as CourseSmart, VitalSource, CafeScribe, Pearson, Cengage, McGraw-Hill, and Connexions about where things are really headed . . . <br /><br />-Rob Abel]]></description>
	</item>

	<item>
		<title>PC Makers Ready iPad Rivals</title>
		<link>http://www.imsglobal.org/community/forum/messageview.cfm?catid=102&amp;threadid=319</link> 
		<pubDate>2010-02-19T08:45:46 -05.00</pubDate> 
		<dc:creator>RobAbel</dc:creator>
   	    <slash:comments>1</slash:comments> 
		<description><![CDATA[
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
    Lot's of press noise the last couple of weeks about textbook organizations working with a small company called ScrollMotion, Inc. to develop e-Books for the Apple iPad. See:<br /><br /><a target=_blank class=ftalternatingbarlinklarge href="http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424052748703338504575041630390346178.html">Textbook Firms Ink E-Deals For iPad</a> by Jeffrey A. Trachtenberg and Yukari Kane - Wall Street Journal, 3 February 2010<br /><br />Also, as previously discussed here, ongoing news about how the iPad format - allowing for more "computer-like" interactivity than a Kindle-like device, is changing the pricing model for e-Books - see:<br /><br /><a target=_blank class=ftalternatingbarlinklarge href="http://online.wsj.com/article/SB20001424052748704041504575045481718897198.html">Hachette Enters the E-Book Fray, Saying It, Too, Wants New Pricing</a> by Jeffrey A. Trachtenberg and Geoffrey A. Fowler, Wall Street Journal, 5 February 2010<br /><br />And, now, news of responses by the PC Makers, such as H-P, with netbooks of similar or better capability than the iPad. See:<br /><br /><a target=_blank class=ftalternatingbarlinklarge href="http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424052748703798904575069681174687948.html">PC Makers Ready iPad Rivals</a> by Justin Scheck and Nick Wingfield, Wall Street Journal, 18 February, 2010<br /><br />Something that the education community needs to push for is the use of open standards in e-Textbooks. This is because we cannot have students and teachers locked into a particular type of device or, perhaps most importantly, the online store from which books can be purchased.  Unfortunately, one can only assume that ScrollMotion will be the "Apple approach" and lock buyers in. My hope is that organizations such as H-P, Intel, or Microsoft will work with educational publishers to take the higher ground of standards-based offerings. As discussed elsewhere in these posts, the <a target=_blank class=ftalternatingbarlinklarge href="http://www.imsglobal.org/digitallearningservices.html">IMS Digital Learning Services Standards</a> (we have already shown how they can be used to interact with <a target=_blank class=ftalternatingbarlinklarge href="http://www.coursesmart.com/">e-Books from CourseSmart</a> and higher end online applications from publishers), in combination with other e-Book specific standards, are a perfect match for these types of devices - which are much closer to "computers" than "readers."<br /><br />- Rob Abel]]></description>
	</item>

	<item>
		<title>Here it comes: the Enhanced E-Book</title>
		<link>http://www.imsglobal.org/community/forum/messageview.cfm?catid=102&amp;threadid=299</link> 
		<pubDate>2010-01-19T13:07:49 -05.00</pubDate> 
		<dc:creator>RobAbel</dc:creator>
   	    <slash:comments>1</slash:comments> 
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    News article in Wall Street Journal by Jeffrey A. Trachtenberg:<br /><br /><a target=_blank class=ftalternatingbarlinklarge href="http://online.wsj.com/article/SB20001424052748704541004575011092145509872.html">Publisher, Apple Talk E-Books For Tablet</a>  19 January 2010<br /><br />- that Harper Collins is negotiating e-Book distribution with Apple for the rumored tablet device sometimes referred to as the "iPad" - now scheduled to be announced at a January 27 San Francisco event.<br /><br />What is interesting about this is that it acknowledges the publisher opportunity & the educational user necessity of what is beginning to be termed the "enhanced e-Book." What is the enhanced e-Book? An e-Book that contains rich media and interactive features. Yes, kind of like a hybrid online course/e-Book. In IMS we sometimes refer to it as the "Educational e-Book".<br /><br />The enhanced e-Book is a major motivator for content providers because rather than a reduced price text-only book ($9.99), it is potentially a premium priced product. Not unlike the online "homework applications" that most educational publishers are providing today. <a target=_blank class=ftalternatingbarlinklarge href="http://www.imsglobal.org/community/forum/messageview.cfm?catid=102&threadid=242&enterthread=y#701">See the article</a> on Harper Collins challenges in dealing with the Amazon $9.99 e-Book.<br /><br />What does this have to do with e-Book readers? Simple. Kindle cannot handle this type of content and interactivity. If the iPad can, then it will make it and devices like it the more likely platform for Educational e-Books.]]></description>
	</item>

	<item>
		<title>The relationship between interoperability and interactivity in e-Books &amp; e-Readers</title>
		<link>http://www.imsglobal.org/community/forum/messageview.cfm?catid=102&amp;threadid=271</link> 
		<pubDate>2009-12-08T06:55:41 -05.00</pubDate> 
		<dc:creator>RobAbel</dc:creator>
   	    <slash:comments>5</slash:comments> 
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    For those who are advocates of our work here in the IMS Global Learning Consortium I will be "singing to the choir" on this one.<br /><br />As the various e-Book reader alternatives for education emerge: Kindle, Sony, Nook, Plastic Logic, Apple Tablet, NetBooks, Mobile Phones, etc - it is becoming more and more obvious that a lack of cooperation on standards among the companies involved is going to slow progress in terms of what we need for effective educational scenarios. <br /><br />Educational scenarios require interactivity, collaboration, and online assessment to take us to the next level. Yes, I know that some of the current pilots with e-Books are primarily looking at e-Books as a way to "save paper" and printing costs. However, the devices are not good enough yet to be as good as books - and we are a ways off from that.  Yes, i can read the text on the train or the bus or wherever with my e-reader. However, it's a poor excuse for a real textbook in education right now.<br /><br />The big problem is that even to just get to this "low bar" the users and business models are tripped up by a lack of interoperability. <a target=_blank class=ftalternatingbarlinklarge href="http://finance.yahoo.com/family-home/article/108283/e-readers-theyre-hot-now-but-the-story-isnt-over?mod=family-love_money">Click here for a great article that explains the dilemmas facing users.</a>.  Every book provider (publisher - large or small), will need to provide their content and different formats for every reader device. The big problem with this is that it expends unnecessary resources on stuff that should be easy. Now, fast forward to what we really need - e-Books that interact with a whole variety of online learning applications, learning management systems, collaboration tools, etc. and, well, how is that going to work when all the e-Readers use different formats?<br /><br />It's not. It's going to be a problem that is going to slow down the progress we need to make in education. This is what I call the Google-Apple-Google-Amazon (GAGA) syndrome. The GAGA syndrome (Google is counted twice because they are by far the worst offender) is really a business strategy which says: If we create our own format/approach and use our marketing muscle/market share to force the content suppliers to our defacto standard the consumer doesn't care and we will solidify our market position (because in a competitive world there are limits to how many company specific formats any one entity can work with). It's called the GAGA syndrome because it is a self-absorbed kind of "leadership".<br /><br />So, in IMS my hope is that we can work with enough of the providers to replace the GAGA syndrome with standards that will enable our market to move forward instead of running in place. <br /><br />-Rob Abel]]></description>
	</item>

	<item>
		<title>e-Books &amp; e-Readers: Trends, Issues, and Opportunities</title>
		<link>http://www.imsglobal.org/community/forum/messageview.cfm?catid=102&amp;threadid=249</link> 
		<pubDate>2009-11-19T09:25:56 -05.00</pubDate> 
		<dc:creator>RobAbel</dc:creator>
   	    <slash:comments>1</slash:comments> 
		<description><![CDATA[
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
                
        
    
        
        
        
       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