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IMS Global Learning Consortium, Inc.

Caliper Analytics® Sensor Certification Guide, version 1.1

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Table of Contents

1.0 Introduction

Session Profile

The Caliper Analytics® Specification, version 1.1, provides a structured approach to describing, collecting and exchanging learning activity data at scale. Establishing a common vocabulary for describing learning interactions is a central objective. Promoting data interoperability, data sharing and data-informed decision making are also important goals.

Caliper also defines an application programming interface (the Sensor API™) for marshalling and transmitting event data from instrumented applications to target endpoints for storage, analysis and use. Industry-wide adoption of Caliper offers the tantalizing prospect of a more unified learning data environment in which to build new and innovative services designed to measure, infer, predict, report and visualize.

This document is the certification guide for Caliper Sensors. In this release of the Caliper specification, certification services are not provided for Caliper endpoints. Endpoint implementors should take note that it is the intent of the Caliper Working Group to add endpoint certification in forthcoming releases of the specification. Implementors should also note that behavioral requirements for Caliper Endpoints are provided in the Caliper Analytics® Specification, version 1.1, Section 6.0.

1.1 Status of this Document

This document is considered the Final Release. This means that the Caliper Analytics® Sensor Certification Guide, version 1.1, is now made available as a public document following acceptance by IMS Global member organizations, a number of whom have successfully achieved conformance certification at the time of the release of this document.

IMS Global strongly encourages its members and the greater public to provide feedback that focuses on improving the Caliper specification. To join the IMS developer and conformance certification community focused on Caliper please visit https://www.imsglobal.org/activity/caliper.

Public comments and questions can be posted at the Caliper Analytics® public forum.

1.2 Conventions

The key words “MUST”, “MUST NOT”, “REQUIRED”, “SHALL”, “SHALL NOT”, “SHOULD”, “SHOULD NOT”, “RECOMMENDED”, “MAY”, and “OPTIONAL” in this document are to be interpreted as described in RFC 2119. A Sensor implementation that fails to implement a MUST/REQUIRED/SHALL requirement or fails to abide by a MUST NOT/SHALL NOT prohibition is considered nonconformant. SHOULD/SHOULD NOT/RECOMMENDED statements constitute a best practice. Ignoring a best practice does not violate conformance but a decision to disregard such guidance should be carefully considered by implementers. MAY/OPTIONAL statements indicate that implementers are entirely free to choose whether or not to implement the option.

1.3 Terminology

Actor: An actor is an Agent capable of initiating or performing an action on a thing or as part of a process. A Caliper Event includes an actor attribute for representing the Agent.

Blank Node Identifier: a string that begins with “_:” that is used to identify an Entity for which an IRI is not provided. An Entity provisioned with a blank node identifier is neither dereferenceable nor has meaning outside the scope of the JSON-LD document within which it resides.

Action: something performed or done to accomplish a purpose. Caliper Event subtypes define a controlled vocabulary of one or more actions relevant to the activity domain. A Caliper Event includes an action attribute for expressing the associated action.

Context: a special JSON-LD keyword that maps the terms employed in a JSON document to IRIs that link to one or more published vocabularies. Inclusion of a JSON-LD context provides an economical way of communicating document semantics to services interested in consuming Caliper event data.

Describe: a Caliper message containing an Entity that is not directly associated with an Event. Entities can be sent asynchronously from events using Describe messages in order to reduce verbosity (e.g. sending a Person entity as a Describe avoids having to repeat the Person object in each Event that includes it).

Endpoint: a receiver or consumer of Caliper data that is bound to a specific network protocol.

Entity: an object or a thing that participates in learning-related activity. Caliper Entity types provide coarse-grained representations of applications, people, groups and resources that constitute the “stuff” of a Caliper Event. Each Entity corresponds to a node in a directed graph.

Envelope: a data structure that serves as a transport container of Caliper Event and Entity data. The envelope also includes metadata about the emitting Sensor and the data payload.

Event: describes a relationship established between an Agent (the actor) and an Entity (the object) formed as a result of a purposeful action undertaken by the actor in connection to the object at a particular moment in time.

JSON-LD: a specification providing a JSON-based data serialization and messaging format, processing algorithms and API for working with Linked Data. The messages described in this guide are intended to be used in programming environments that support JSON-LD.

IRI: The Internationalized Resource Identifier (IRI) extends the Uniform Resource Identifier (URI) scheme by using characters drawn from the Universal character set rather than US-ASCII per RFC 3987. Linked Data rely on IRIs to refer to most nodes and properties.

ISO 8601: Caliper data and time values are formatted per ISO 8601 with the addition of millisecond precision. The format is yyyy-MM-ddTHH:mm:ss.SSSZ where ‘T’ separates the date from the time while ‘Z’ indicates that the time is set to UTC.

Linked Data: A set of design principles first articulated by Tim Berners-Lee for discovering, connecting, and sharing structured data over the Web. The principles can be summarized as follows: use IRIs/URIs as names for things; use HTTP IRIs/URIs so that information about things (e.g., people, objects, concepts) can be retrieved using a standard format; link out to other relevant things by way of their IRIs/URIs in order to promote discovery of new relationships between things.

Metric Profile: models a learning activity or a supporting activity that helps facilitate learning. Each profile provides a domain-specific set of terms and concepts that application designers and developers can draw upon to describe common user interactions in a consistent manner using a shared vocabulary.

Object: an Entity that an Agent interacts with that becomes the focus, target or object of an interaction. A Caliper Event includes an object attribute for representing the resource.

Sensor: Software assets deployed within a learning application that implement the Sensor API™ for marshalling and transmitting Caliper data to the certification service endpoint.

Sensor API™: The standard set of methods and supported parameters that a Sensor implements according to the Caliper Analytics® Specification, version 1.1, Section 5.0 in order to transmit Caliper data in an interoperable way.

Term: a word or short expression that expands to an IRI when mapped to a JSON-LD context document. Terms are employed by Caliper as type property string values in order to distinguish between various JSON representations of entities and events defined by the Caliper information model.

Type Coercion: the process of coercing values to a particular data type.

URI: the Uniform Resource Identifier (URI) utilizes the US-ASCII character set to identify a resource. Per RFC 2396 a URI “can be further classified as a locator, a name or both.” Both the Uniform Resource Locator (URL) and the Uniform Resource Name (URN) are considered subspaces of the more general URI space.

URL: A Uniform Resource Locator (URL) is a type of URI that provides a reference to resource that specifies both its location and a means of retrieving a representation of it. An HTTP URI is a URL and using HTTP IRIs/URIs to identify things is fundamental to Linked Data.

URN: A Uniform Resource Name (URN) is a type of URI that provides a persistent identifier for a resource that is bound to a defined namespace. Unlike a URL a URN is location-independent and provides no means of accessing a representation of the named resource.

UUID: a 128-bit identifier that does not require a registration authority to assure uniqueness. However, absolute uniqueness is not guaranteed although the collision probability is considered extremely low. Caliper recommends use of randomly or pseudo-randomly generated version 4 UUIDs. Each Caliper Event MUST be assigned a UUID that is expressed as a URN using the form urn:uuid:<UUID> as described in RFC 4122.

2.0 Certification Prerequisites

Certain prerequisites MUST be met before you can certify your platform, application or service as Caliper compliant.

3.0 Metric Profile Certification

As described more fully in the Caliper Analytics® Specification, version 1.1, the Caliper information model defines a number of metric profiles, each of which models a learning activity or a supporting activity that helps facilitate learning. Each profile provides a domain-specific set of terms for describing common user interactions.

Each Caliper profile is also a unit of certification for Caliper Sensor implementations. Any given Sensor may apply for certification for one or more of the Caliper Metric Profiles. In the subsections below, the Minimum Conformance and Restrictions sections specified for each Profile defines the corresponding conformance criteria in detail.

General Requirements

3.1 Annotation Profile

Annotation Profile

The Caliper Annotation Profile models activities related to the annotation of a DigitalResource.

Profile Description

See Caliper Analytics® Specification, version 1.1, Section 3.1.

Minimum Conformance

Create and send a “Bookmarked” AnnotationEvent to the certification service endpoint. All other actions included in the profile are considered optional for certification purposes.

Required Event

AnnotationEvent

Required Actor

Person

Required Action

Bookmarked

Required Object

DigitalResource or subtype

Recommended Generated Entity

BookmarkAnnotation

3.2 Assessment Profile

Assessment Profile

The Caliper Assessment Profile models assessment-related activities including interactions with individual assessment items.

Profile Description

See Caliper Analytics® Specification, version 1.1, Section 3.2.

Minimum Conformance

Create and send a “Started” AssessmentEvent followed by a “Submitted” AssessmentEvent to the certification service endpoint. All other event types and actions included in the profile are considered optional for certification purposes.

Required Event

AssessmentEvent

Required Actor

Person

Required Actions

Started, Submitted

Required Object

Assessment

Recommended Generated Entity

Attempt

3.3 Assignable Profile

Assignable Profile

The Assignable Profile models activities associated with the assignment of digital content to a learner for completion according to specific criteria.

Profile Description

See Caliper Analytics® Specification, version 1.1, Section 3.3.

Minimum Conformance

Create and send a “Started” AssignableEvent followed by a “Submitted” AssignableEvent to the certification service endpoint. All other event types and actions included in the profile are considered optional for certification purposes.

Required Event

AssignableEvent

Required Actor

Person

Required Actions

Started, Submitted

Required Object

AssignableDigitalResource

Recommended Generated Entity

Attempt

3.4 Forum Profile

Forum Profile

The Caliper Forum Profile models learners and others participating in online forum communities.

Profile Description

See Caliper Analytics® Specification, version 1.1, Section 3.4.

Minimum Conformance

Create and send a “Posted” MessageEvent to the certification service endpoint. All other event types and actions included in the profile are considered optional for certification purposes.

Required Event

MessageEvent

Required Actor

Person

Required Action

Posted

Required Object

Message

3.5 Grading Profile

Grading Profile

The Caliper Grading Profile models grading activities performed by an Agent, typically a Person or a SoftwareApplication.

Profile Description

See Caliper Analytics® Specification, version 1.1, Section 3.5.

Minimum Conformance

Create and send a “Graded” GradeEvent to the certification service endpoint. All other actions included in the profile are considered optional for certification purposes.

Required Event

GradeEvent

Required Actor

Agent or subtype

Required Action

Graded

Required Object

Attempt

Recommended Generated Entity

Score

Other Requirements

For auto-graded scenarios the SoftwareApplication MUST be specified as the actor. Otherwise, a Person MUST be specified as the actor of the interaction.

3.6 Media Profile

Media Profile

The Caliper Media Profile models interactions between learners and rich content such as audio, images and video.

Profile Description

See Caliper Analytics® Specification, version 1.1, Section 3.6.

Minimum Conformance

Create and send a “Started” MediaEvent followed by an “Ended” MediaEvent to the certification service endpoint. All other event types and actions included in the profile are considered optional for certification purposes.

Required Event

MediaEvent

Required Actor

Person

Required Actions

Started, Ended

Required Object

AudioObject, ImageObject, MediaObject, or VideoObject

Recommended Target Entity

MediaLocation

3.7 Reading Profile

Reading Profile

The Caliper Reading Profile models activities associated with navigating to and viewing digital textual content.

Profile Description

See Caliper Analytics® Specification, version 1.1, Section 3.7.

Minimum Conformance

Create and send both a “NavigatedTo” NavigationEvent and a “Viewed” ViewEvent to the certification service endpoint.

Required Event

NavigationEvent, ViewEvent

Required Actor

Person

Required Actions

NavigatedTo, Viewed

Required Object

AssignableDigitalResource, Chapter, DigitalResource, DigitalResourceCollection, Document, Page, or WebPage

3.8 Session Profile

Session Profile

The Caliper Session Profile models the creation and subsequent termination of a user session established by a Person interacting with a SoftwareApplication.

Profile Description

See Caliper Analytics® Specification, version 1.1, Section 3.8.

Minimum Conformance

Create and send a “LoggedIn” SessionEvent to the certification service endpoint. All other actions included in the profile are considered optional for certification purposes.

Required Event

SessionEvent

Required Actor

Person

Required Action

LoggedIn

Required Object

SoftwareApplication

3.9 Tool Use Profile

Tool Use Profile

The Caliper Tool Use Profile models an intended interaction between a user and a tool.

Profile Description

See Caliper Analytics® Specification, version 1.1, Section 3.9.

Minimum Conformance

Create and send a “Used” ToolUseEvent to the certification service endpoint.

Required Event

ToolUseEvent

Required Actor

Person

Required Action

Used

Required Object

SoftwareApplication

3.10 Basic Profile

Basic Profile

The Caliper Basic Profile provides a generic Event for describing learning or supporting activities that have yet to be modeled by Caliper.

Profile Description

See Caliper Analytics® Specification, version 1.1, Section 3.10.

Minimum Conformance

Create and send a generic Caliper Event to the certification service endpoint.

Required Event

Event

Required Actor

Agent or subtype

Required Action

Any Caliper defined action can be used to describe the interaction.

Required Object

Entity or subtype

Other Requirements

Use of the Basic Profile is limited to describing interactions not modeled in other profiles. Any events described MUST be expressed using only the Event supertype.

4.0 Data Interchange Format

Caliper events and entities are serialized as JSON-LD, a JSON-based data interchange format that encourages use of shared vocabularies and discoverable key:value identifiers when constructing JSON documents.

4.1 The JSON-LD Context

JSON-LD documents require inclusion of a context, denoted by the @context keyword, a property employed to map document Terms to IRIs. JSON-LD contexts can be embedded inline or referenced externally in a document. Inclusion of a JSON-LD context provides an economical way for Caliper to communicate document semantics to services interested in consuming Caliper event data.

IMS Global provides a remote Caliper 1.1 JSON-LD context document (http://purl.imsglobal.org/ctx/caliper/v1p1) for mapping Caliper Terms to IRIs. Implementers are encouraged to familiarize themselves with the term definitions described therein.

Requirements

For example JSON-LD context usage see Caliper Analytics® Specification, version 1.1, Section 4.1.

4.2 Node Identifiers

Caliper specifies the use of IRIs for identifying nodes (i.e., the things being described) and their attributes. IRI values MUST be absolute containing a scheme, path and optional query and fragment segments. A URI employing the URN scheme MAY be used as an identifier although care should be taken when employing a location-independent identifier since it precludes the possibility of utilizing it in future to retrieve machine-readable data over HTTP. If an IRI is deemed inappropriate for the resource a blank node identifier may be assigned.

For additional information regarding identifiers see Caliper Analytics® Specification, version 1.1, Section 4.2.

4.3 Type Coercion

Caliper permits Entity values to be expressed either as a JSON object or as a string corresponding to its IRI. JSON-LD also supports the coercion of data values to specified types based on value type mappings defined in a JSON-LD context. For a given @type the keywords @id or @vocab may be assigned as a value in order to signal to a JSON-LD parser that if a term’s instance value is set to a string it is to be interpreted as an IRI. Type coercion of this sort provides representational flexibility that implementers are encouraged to leverage.

For examples of coerced Caliper values see Caliper Analytics® Specification, version 1.1, Section 4.3.

4.4 Expressing Events as JSON-LD

A Caliper Event is a generic type that describes the relationship established between an actor and an object, formed as a result of a purposeful action undertaken by the actor at a particular moment in time and within a given learning context. Caliper defines a number of Event subtypes, each scoped to a particular activity domain and distinguishable by a type attribute. Considered as a JSON data structure an Event constitutes an unordered set of key:value pairs that is semi-structured by design.

The Event @context, id, type, actor, action, object and eventTime properties are required and MUST be specified; all other properties are optional and MAY be omitted when describing an Event. Adherence to the rules associated with each property specified is mandatory. Custom attributes not described by the model MAY be included but MUST be added to the extensions property as a map of key:value pairs. Properties with a value of null or empty SHOULD be excluded prior to serialization.

Property Disposition
@context A top-level JSON-LD context MUST be specified as described above in Section 4.1.
id Set the value to a 128-bit long universally unique identifier (UUID) formatted as a URN per RFC 4122, which describes a URN namespace for UUIDs.
type Set the string value to the relevant Caliper term (e.g., “AssessmentEvent”).
actor Set to Agent or one of its subtypes (e.g., Person). The actor value MUST be expressed as a JSON object or as a string corresponding to the actor’s IRI.
action Set the string value to the relevant action term (e.g., “Started”) specified by the governing Metric Profile.
object Set the value to the relevant Entity (e.g., Assessment) specified by the governing Metric Profile. The object value MUST be expressed as a JSON object or as a string corresponding to the object’s IRI.
eventTime Set the date and time value expressed with millisecond precision using the ISO 8601 format YYYY-MM-DDTHH:mm:ss.SSSZ set to UTC with no offset specified.

For example Event JSON-LD see Caliper Analytics® Specification, version 1.1, Appendix B.

4.5 Expressing Entities as JSON-LD

A Caliper Entity is a generic type that represents objects that participate in learning-related activities. A variety of Entity subtypes have been defined in order to better describe people, groups, organizations, digital content, courses, software applications, and other objects that constitute the “stuff” of a Caliper Event. Like an Event, an Entity is considered semi-structured data consisting of an unordered set of key:value pairs.

As noted in Section 4.3 above Caliper permits Entity values to be expressed either as a JSON object or as a string corresponding to its IRI.

If an Entity is expressed as a JSON object the id and type properties are required and MUST be specified. If transmitted as a describe a top-level @context MUST also be specified. Otherwise, omit the @context when the Entity is specified as a value in an Event except in cases where custom terms are specified. See Section 4.1 above for more details regarding JSON-LD context handling.

All other properties are optional and MAY be omitted when describing an Entity. Adherence to the rules associated with each property referenced is mandatory. Custom attributes not described by the model MAY be included but MUST be added to the extensions property as a map of key:value pairs. Properties with a value of null or empty SHOULD be excluded prior to serialization.

Property Disposition
@context If the Entity is transmitted as a describe a top-level @context MUST be specified. Otherwise, omit the @context when the Entity is specified as a value in an Event except in cases where custom terms are specified.
id Set the string value to a valid IRI or a blank node identifier. The IRI MUST be unique and persistent. The IRI SHOULD be dereferenceable; i.e., capable of returning a representation of the Entity. A URI employing the URN scheme MAY also be utilized.
type Set the string value to the relevant Caliper term (e.g., “DigitalResource”).

For example Entity JSON-LD see Caliper Analytics® Specification, version 1.1, Appendix C.

5.0 Transport Conformance

A Caliper Sensor MUST demonstrate that it is capable of transmitting Caliper data successfully to the certification service Endpoint. Certification is limited to message exchanges using the Hypertext Transport Protocol (HTTP) with the connection encrypted with Transport Layer Security (TLS). Messages MUST be sent using the POST request method. For certification purposes, the Sensor MUST also support message authentication using the Authorization request header, setting the value to the provided bearer token.

5.1 The Envelope

Caliper Event and Entity data are transmitted inside an Envelope, a JSON data structure that includes metadata about the emitting Sensor and the data payload. Each Event and Entity describe included in an envelope’s data array MUST be expressed as a JSON-LD document.

The Envelope sensor, sendTime, dataVersion and data properties MUST be specified. No custom properties are permitted.

Required Property Disposition
sensor Set the string value to a unique identifier assigned either to the Sensor or to the instrumented platform, application or service utilizing the Sensor. The identifier SHOULD be in the form of an IRI.
eventTime Set the date and time value expressed with millisecond precision using the ISO 8601 format YYYY-MM-DDTHH:mm:ss.SSSZ set to UTC with no offset specified that indicates the time at which the Sensor issued the message.
dataVersion Set the string value to the Caliper JSON-LD remote context URL “http://purl.imsglobal.org/ctx/caliper/v1p1”. This indicates that the Caliper Analytics® Specification, version 1.1, governs the form of the Caliper entities and events contained in the data payload.
data An ordered collection of one or more Caliper Event and/or Entity describe objects. The Sensor MAY mix Event and Entity describe data in the same Envelope.

For example Envelope JSON-LD see Caliper Analytics® Specification, version 1.1, Section 5.3.

5.2 HTTP Message Requests

Each HTTP request message sent to the certification service MUST consist of a single serialized JSON representation of a Caliper Envelope. Messages MUST be sent using the POST request method.

The following standard HTTP request headers MUST be set for each message sent to the certification service Endpoint:

Request Header Disposition
Authorization Set the string value to the bearer token provided by the certification service and associated with the test endpoint (e.g., Authorization: Bearer <token value>).
Content-Type Set the string value to the IANA media type “application/json”.
Host Set the string value to the test endpoint URL provided by the certification service.

5.3 HTTP Message Responses

Following receipt of a Sensor request message the certification service will reply with a response message. The response will include a three-digit status code indicating whether or not the certification service was able to understand and satisfy the request as defined by RFC 7231.

The certification service MAY respond to Sensor messages with other standard HTTP status codes to indicate result dispositions that vary from the cases described above. The certification service MAY also communicate more detailed information about problem states, using the standard method for reporting problem details described in RFC 7807.

5.4 Other Transport Protocols

Caliper Analytics® Specification, version 1.1 defines the use of a single transport protocol (HTTP/HTTPS). However, IMS Global is interested in specifying the use of other transport protocols that can support the exchange of Caliper data. Organizations wishing to work with IMS Global to add other transport protocols to the Caliper specification should contact the Caliper Working Group directly or indicate interest via the public forum.

6.0 Using the Certification Service

Visit the Caliper Certification service at https://www.imsglobal.org/sso/launch.php/caliper. You MUST be logged in to the IMS Global website to access the Caliper certification service. If you do not have an account, please register at https://www.imsglobal.org/user/register.

The certification service provides a playground for testing your Caliper messages. Click the “Start Testing” link under Test Your Product to access the playground.

Once you are ready to commence certification testing, click the “Certify Your Product” link under Certify Your Product to commence testing. The following steps will guide you through the process. A screencast of the certification workflow is available for review.

  1. Complete the online form by providing the following information:

    • Product name
    • Product version
    • Product URL
    • Product description
    • Caliper specification version
    • Member name
    • Member email address
    • Member organization

  2. Click the green “Start Certification” button. To terminate testing click the white “Cancel” button.

  3. An “Instructions” page provides both a test endpoint URL and a bearer token. Configure your software to send Caliper messages to the test endpoint URL. For each request, set the HTTP Authorization header field value to the provided bearer token and the HTTP Host header field value to the provided endpoint URL.

  4. Initiate the product test, sending messages to the certification service endpoint.

  5. When the first message is received by the Certification service the “Instructions” page will be replaced with a view displaying conformance progress. A list of available Caliper metric profiles is displayed on the left side of the page. A log of submitted messages or “items” is displayed on the right side of the page. As messages are processed metric profile certifications that have been attained will be indicated by check marks. Clicking a profile’s plus (+) link will display a list of profile events and actions processed successfully. Clicking the log “items” link provides additional information regarding events processed, errors encountered and individual message JSON-LD documents received.

  6. Once testing is complete click the “Complete Certification” button.

  7. Read the confirmation statement and then click the “Submit Certification Results” button.

  8. Repeat the test as necessary in order to certify against additional metric profiles or address previous failed tests.

7.0 Certification Mark

After submitting your successful conformance information and receiving confirmation and a registration number from IMS Global you may then apply the appropriate conformance mark. The IMS Global conformance chart will list your conformance details. If you have any questions, please feel free to contact us at any point. Products without an IMS conformance registration number are not considered compliant by IMS Global.

8.0 Certification Expiration and Renewal

Caliper certification covers individual metric profiles only and is scoped to the specific version of the Caliper specification tested. Major or minor releases of the Caliper specification and/or associated metric profiles will require recertification of your upgraded platform, application or service. All IMS Certifications require that you renew and retest your certification after one year.

Contributors

The following Caliper Working Group participants contributed to the writing of this guide:

Authors

Name Organization
Anthony Whyte University of Michigan
Markus Gylling IMS Global
Lisa Mattson IMS Global

References

Caliper Spec. IMS Global. Anthony Whyte, Viktor Haag, Linda Feng, Markus Gylling, Matt Ashbourne, Wes LaMarche and Etienne Pelaprat. Caliper Analytics® Specification, version 1.1. 12 January 2018. URL: http://www.imsglobal.org/caliper-spec-v1p1

JSON-LD Syntax. W3C. M. Sporny, D. Longley, G. Kellog, M. Lanthaler and N. Lindström. JSON-LD 1.1. A JSON-based Serialization for Linked Data. 15 February 2017. URL: http://json-ld.org/spec/latest/json-ld/

JSON-LD Processing. D. Longley, G. Kellog, M. Lanthaler, M. Sporny. JSON-LD 1.1 Processing Algorithms and API. 15 February 2017. URL: http://json-ld.org/spec/latest/json-ld-api/

Linked Data. Tim Berners-Lee. “Linked Data.” W3C internal document. July 2006, rev. June 2009. URL: https://www.w3.org/DesignIssues/LinkedData.html

RFC 2119. IETF. S. Bradner. “Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate Requirement Levels.” March 1997. URL: https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc2119

RFC 2396. IETF. T. Berners-Lee, R. Fielding, L. Masinter. “Uniform Resource Identifiers (URI): Generic Syntax.” August 1998. URL: https://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc2396.txt

RFC 3987. IETF. M. Duerst and M. Suignard. "Internationalized Resource Identifiers (IRIs). January 2005. URL: https://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc3987.txt

RFC 4122. IETF. P. Leach, M. Mealling and R. Salz. “A Universally Unique Identifier (UUID) URN Namespace.” July 2005. URL: https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc4122

RFC 6750. IETF. M. Jones and D. Hardt. “The OAuth 2.0 Authorization Framework: Bearer Token Usage.” October 2012. URL: https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc6750

RFC 7231. IETF. R. Fielding and J. Reschke, eds. Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP/1.1): Semantics and Content. June 2014. URL: https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc7231.

RFC 7807. IETF. M. Nottingham, E. Wilde. “Problem Details for HTTP APIs.” March 2017. URL: https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc7807

About this Document

IMS Global Learning Consortium, Inc. (“IMS Global”) is publishing the information contained in this document (“Guide”) for purposes of scientific, experimental, and scholarly collaboration only.

IMS Global makes no warranty or representation regarding the accuracy or completeness of the Guide.

This material is provided on an “As Is” and “As Available” basis.

The Guide is at all times subject to change and revision without notice.

It is your sole responsibility to evaluate the usefulness, accuracy, and completeness of the Guide as it relates to you.

IMS Global would appreciate receiving your comments and suggestions.

Please contact IMS Global through our website at http://www.imsglobal.org.

Please refer to Document Name: IMS Caliper Analytics® Certification Guide, version 1.1

Date: 12 January 2018

For more information on the IMS trademark usage policy see trademark policy page - https://www.imsglobal.org/trademarks